The Modern Era Of Childhood Immunizations Essay - 1750 Words

Prior to the modern era of childhood immunizations, parents would have been surprised at the thought that future generations would be able to protect their children from many of the most serious childhood infectious diseases. The development of immunizations is fairly recent, but one of the greatest successes in medical history. Most parents in the United States understand how imperative childhood immunizations are, but there are some parents that still chose to not have their children immunized against these lethal diseases. For some, the justification for denying these immunizations come from a religious perspective, but for most the decision is more commonly made out of ignorance or misinformation such as myths of side effects and long term effects of these vaccines. Many parents to not know the history of these fatal diseases and what parents had to fear when they did not have the option to vaccinate their children. After all, there was a time when diphtheria was one of the most feared childhood diseases, claiming more than 10,000 lives a year in the United States during the 1920s (CDC, Diptheria, 2016). In the 1940s through the 1950s, polio paralyzed and even took the lives of children by the thousands. At one point in time, the measles affected nearly a half-million US children every year. Almost everyone in the United States got it at some point during childhood—and it sometimes caused complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis (CDC, Measles (Rubeola), 2016).Show MoreRelatedImmunizations And Vaccinations : A Hot Topic1426 Words   |  6 Pages Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic Crystal L. Clauser Frostburg State University Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic In the United States, the childhood immunization schedule recommends that children receive approximately 15 vaccinations by 19 months of age, and it specifies ages for administration of each vaccination dose (Luman, Barker, McCauley, Drews-Botsch, 2005, p. 1367). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a vaccine is a product thatRead More The Importance of Childhood Vaccination Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pageseliminate many formally fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in countries where the immunization of children is nearly universal. Diseases such as measles, mumps, diphtheria, rubella and polio have been relegated to a marginal status in developed countries with active immunization campaigns; smallpox is actually considered to have been completely eliminated from the earth, without a single case having been reported since roughly 1979 (â€Å"Childhood†). Largely centered around a study published inRead More The Importance of Childhood Vaccinati on Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pageseliminate many formerly fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in countries where the immunization of children is nearly universal. Diseases such as measles, mumps, diphtheria, rubella and polio have been relegated to a marginal status in developed countries with active immunization campaigns; smallpox is actually considered to have been completely eliminated from the earth, without a single case having been reported since roughly 1979 (â€Å"Childhood†). Largely centered around a study published inRead MoreEssay on The History of Vaccine1385 Words   |  6 Pagesof the terrifying diseases like smallpox and polio. Now, after years of vaccine invention, vaccination spread in many countries which helped in eradicate several illnesses. In the United States, each family is required to show their childrens immunization chart in order to get accepted in many educational institutes. Parents usually face the decision whether to vaccinate their children or not when their children are first born. Knowing how vaccines are made and their mechanism to prevent diseasesRead MoreThe History of Vaccines and Immunization4179 Words   |  17 PagesOf Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges Alexandra Minna Stern and Howard Markel Abstract Human beings have benefited from vaccines for more than two centuries. Yet the pathway to effective vaccines has been neither neat nor direct. This paper explores the history of vaccines and immunization, beginning with Edward Jenner’s creation of the world’s first vaccine for smallpox in the 1790s. We then demonstrate that many of the issues salient in Jenner’s era—such as the needRead MoreHealth Policy : Health Care Policy1241 Words   |  5 Pagessickness in order to turn benevolence to power. The government of United States took no actions to subsidize voluntary funds. The federal government left matters to the states and voluntary and private programs (Lindsay, 2005). In the progressive era, President Roosevelt Theodore supported health insurance because he believed a strong nation needs well people. In 1906, the American association of labor legislation led the campaign for health insurance. Rhode Island congressional representative introducedRead MoreThe Breath Of Other People Killed Them1437 Words   |  6 PagesE. Kelly Jr. In the Dunn and Kelly article it was emphasized that when natives got sick from diseases that Columbus brought over, they were seen as weak because the diseases that were decimating their population were typically contracted during childhood. Columbus also viewed the spread of disease as an act of God which was meant to punish the natives for their savagery. Eventually, the etiology of disease shifted from religious belief to two different theories the miasma theory and the contagionRead MoreVaccination Of Vaccination And Vaccination1585 Words   |  7 Pagesstate governments, could consider utilizing measures currently used in Australia and France that would further dissuade people from seeking such exemptions. History of Vaccination and Vaccination Mandates Prior to engaging in an investigation of the modern vaccination laws and policies it is first helpful to briefly explore the history of vaccines. The history of vaccines extends back centuries. The first recoded inoculation occurred in China around 1000 A.D. The history of subsequent centuries isRead MoreDisability The word disability is considered to be as the umbrella word. By umbrella word we mean2600 Words   |  11 Pagesinto a fast technological era. The time is very much change from the previous eras. The life on this planet has been modified from different eras to this one. These different eras were: Stone Age, Snow Age, Wooden Age, etc. The needs and the specification for every age were different. The people cannot use the clothes of Stone Age in the snow age. This is the reason the people of this modern age cannot live and survive with the same facilities provided in the previous eras. When it come the matterRead MoreUnderstanding Marketing Management16709 Words   |  67 Pagesthe 44th President of the United States was attributed, in part, to the adoption of new marketing practices. The â€Å"Obama for America† presidential campaign combined a charismatic politician, a powerful message of hope, and a thoroughly integrated modern marketing program. The marketing plan needed to accomplish two very different goals: expand the electorate via broader messages while targeting very specific audiences. Multimedia tactics combined offline and online media, as well as free and paid

The Significance of Women in the Play Oedipus Essay

When you say Man, said Oedipus, you include women too. Everyone knows that. She said, Thats what you think. These lines, from the ending of Muriel Rukheysers poem On Oedipus the King, Myth, comment on the significance of women both in the play and in society. Though the character of Oedipus suggests that women are equal, the issue of the true role of women is brought up in the poem, and is raised in Sophocles play. The female who plays the largest role in Sophocles play is Oedipus wife and mother, Iokaste. From the beginning, one can assume that she has little say in the events of her life. As queen of Thebes, she had little power over the rulings of the kingdom. Furthermore, once news of her husbands death came†¦show more content†¦Women have little responsibility in the workings of society and are basically seen as child bearers. For example, anytime Iokaste is mentioned, the fact that she is the bearer of children seems to always follow. In the first scene, Oedipus describes how indebted he is to Laios. Now I, having the power that he held before me, having his bed, begetting children there, upon his wife, as he would have, had he lived their son would have been my childrens brother, if Laios had had luck in fatherhood! (727) Iokaste is not presented as an actual being; instead, she is described as Laios property that had come into Oedipus possessionalong with the throne, land , and power. A similar instance occurs in the third scene when Choragos says, It is this very place, stranger; he is inside. This is his wife and mother of his children. Instead of presenting Iokaste as the queen of Thebes, Choragos introduces her as belonging to Oedipus and as the bearer of Oedipus offspring. The insignificance and expectations of women in society are further presented in the Exodus. In the Exodus, Oedipus says, As for my sons, you need not care for them. They are men, they will find some way to live. But my poor daughters, who have shared my table, who never before have been parted from their father take care of them, Kreon; do this for me. (760) Oedipus also says,? Then, whom can you ever marry? There are no bridegrooms for you, and your lives must witherShow MoreRelatedGender Construction And Patriarchal Power Structure Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are various issues regarding gender construction and how women are portrayed in the play. The women of the play have zero to no power and control over situations and are often viewed as weak and incapable. The idea of power and control over women is widely shown through Ophelia’s character, who does not get to choose how her future will play out and who she will spend it with. This thoroughly connects to the Oedipus complex in the play as Gertrude’s sexuality is one of Hamlet’s only concerns asRead MoreEssay about Oedipus - Don Taylor Adaption1286 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlooking the Kingdom and the elegant, admirable robes. Here you will find the setting of â€Å"Oedipus the King† written by Sophocles, adapted in 1986 by Don Taylor. Taylor adapts this version extremely well, highlighting the main themes and significant symbolising Sophocles would have used in the play outstandingly. Also he still keeps the reflection of the Greek culture of the play too. Like all Greek tragedies Oedipus is set around only one setting, here it’s outside the Kingdom where the citizens of ThebesRead MoreMWD Oedipus Rex1701 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Title: Oedipus Rex Author: Sophocles Date of Publication: around 430 B.C. Genre: Dramatic Tragedy Biographical information about the author: Born at Colonus, son of Sophilus. Sophocles was a playwright and served as a priest. He had a son with Nicartrata, who was also a playwright. And he also had a son with Theoris. Wrote 123plays but only 7 survived: Ajar, Antigone, Trachinian women, Oedipus Tyrannoss, Electras, Philocetes, and Oedipus at Colonus. Also increased the number of chorus fromRead MoreConfronting Death in Greek Mythology: Allegiance to Family or Empire?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesshall be taken cruelly† (Antigone 202). What Teiresias had to say displayed the significance of Creon’s unlawfulness. Sacred burial customs have been specified as: â€Å"Ritual mourning for the dead belonged to the women. The burial ceremony and interment of the body were the duty of the male. If there was no one in the immediate family to bury the dead, the obligation would pass to the male relatives† (The Theban Plays). According to the traditions, it was appropriate for Antigone to mourn for herRead MoreComparing The Tragedy Of Sophocles And Henrik Ibsen1147 Words   |  5 Pageschained to what society told them to do. Oedipus Rex was a tragedy written by Sophocles around 429 BC. His tragedy portrayed Oedipus, a king who was strong, powerful and almighty just as a king should be - in common stories. Ibsen wrote a contemporary tragedy called A Doll’s House. Here he presented Nora, a housewife whose sole purpose in life was to grow up, get married and have kids. Though centuries apart these tragedies both convey the same problem. Both Oedipus’ and Nora’s worlds, thou gh differentRead MoreIncest and Sexism in Hamlet1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story and to prove how women were treated during these times, and to determine who was involved in incest and sexism. The characters in focus will be Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and son of the deceased King Hamlet; Polonius, counselor to Claudius; Laertes, Polonius’ son who has returned home due to King Hamlet’s death; Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and Queen of Denmark; and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius and the sister of Laertes, also Hamlet’s girlfriend. In theory women during the Elizabethan AgeRead MoreWomen in Oedipus1954 Words   |  8 PagesThe role of women in King Oedipus; a play by Sophocles and Minimum of Two; an anthology by Tim Winton, play their own part in leading the action of these texts. Today I will be focusing on the way they do this, and how their traits change as their lives progress. I will also be exploring how they provide support for their husbands and families, and also the impact of the period of time in which the text was written. The main female character from Sophocles’ play, King Oedipus, in fact the onlyRead MoreThe Role Of The Chorus And Its Impact On The Audience2287 Words   |  10 Pages THE ROLE OF THE CHORUS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE AUDIENCE IN OEDIPUS THE KING Angad Dev Singh History of Drama and Theater I Optional Research Paper Tenth of December 2014 The chorus is an essential feature of Greek classical drama. Instances of various types of dance, singing, and speech are some elements of a Greek chorus. â€Å"Composed of similarly costumed men, they performed on the orchestra located beneath the stage. The chorus stayed in the orchestraRead More Significance of the Women in Oedipus Rex Essay2638 Words   |  11 PagesSignificance of the Women in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         Michael J. O’Brien in the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, maintains that there is â€Å"a good deal of evidence to support this view† that the fifth century playwright was the â€Å"educator of his people† and a â€Å"teacher†. Sophocles in his tragedy, Oedipus Rex, teaches about â€Å"morally desirable attitudes and behavior,† (4) and uses three women to help convey these principles of living. This essay will explore the roleRead MoreGreek Mythology : Fate And The Fates1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe thread’s length, or the amount of time a human has to live; and Atropos, the eldest and most powerful, cuts the thread, deciding the moment of a person’s death. The Fates play their respective roles with the goal of creating the appropriate duration and significance of a given life. The Fates are known to be old, stern women, their appearance being a reflection of their stubbornness as well as their w isdom. There is much speculation as to the origin of the Fates, as they are one of the oldest concepts

Cost of Capital for Equity and Debt Holders- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCost of Capital for Equity and Debt Holders. Answer: Cost of debt Face value of debt = $1,800,000 Maturity = 2 years Coupon rate = 5.8% p.a paid semi annually The debt rating of the company is AAA, hence according to the credit rating table the yield on bond for 2 years is 0.26%. Cost of debt = 0.26% Cost of Preference share Annual dividend = $0.56 Price of share = $9.30 Cost of preferred capital = annual dividend / price of share = 0.56 / 9.3 = 6% Cost of Equity Risk free rate is considered as the 10 year yield on AAA rated bond which is 0.76%. Beta = 1.4 Market risk premium = 9.6% Cost of equity = Rf + (Beta * market risk premium) = 0.76% + (1.4*9.6%) = 13.7% For weights of each capital, the market value is determined as follows: Market value of debt Price of bond = C*F * ((1-(1+r)-t) / r = 0.029 * 1800000 * ((1-(1+0.0026)-4) / 0.0026 = $207,449.8 Market value of preferred capital No. of shares = 400,000 Market value = 400000 * 9.3 = 3,720,000 Market value of equity Dividend = $0.72 Growth rate for next three years = 8% Constant growth rate = 2% Year Growth rate Dividend 0 $0.72 1 8% $0.78 2 8% $0.84 3 8% $0.91 4 2% $0.93 Price of share = expected dividend / (cost of equity growth rate) Price of share at end of 3rd year = 0.93 / (13.7% - 2%) = $7.95 Present value of cash flows Year Cash Flow Present value 1 $0.78 $0.68 2 $0.84 $0.65 3 $0.91 $0.62 3 $7.95 $5.41 Total present value $7.36 No. of equity share = 1700000 Market value of equity = 1700000 * 7.36 = $12,509,137 WACC Capital Market Value Weights Cost of capital Weighted cost of capital Debt $2,07,449.80 0.01 0.0026 0.00003 Preferred capital $37,20,000.00 0.23 0.06 0.01358 Equity $1,25,09,137.26 0.76 0.137 0.10426 $1,64,36,587.06 1 11.8% Hence the WACC is 11.8% WACC as the discount rate Weighted average cost of capital is the cost of capital of a company that takes into consideration the cost of all the sources of capital used in a business for funding projects and investments. The sources of funds available to a business are debt, equity, preferred stock and retained earnings. Equity is generally the most expensive source of finance and retained earnings the cheapest. WACC shows the interest that the company will have to pay for every dollar invested. The equity holder and debt holders expect a return on their investment and this cost of capital measures the expected returns of the equity and debt holders. WACC is the minimum return that the company should produce for its investors. While evaluating a project under capital budgeting, a cost of capital is required to discount the cash flows to their present value because the rate used to discount the cash flows should represent the expected after tax returns of the different providers of capital. This is to see if the project gives a positive NPV and also two similar projects with different time frame can be compared using a discount rate as all the cash flows are discounted to the present (Young, 2002) In general the companies mostly use WACC as that cost of capital. This is because WACC incorporates all the risk associated with the different sources of finance like debt and equity. When the company is undertaking a project of similar risk as that of the existing projects of the company, it is appropriate to use the WACC as the discount rate. For example, a manufacturer of textiles increases the number of looms from 650 to 100, in this case the industry and the business is the same and there is no change in risk , hence it is preferable to use WACC as the cost of capital. This also means that as a result of the new project, there is no change in the capital structure of the company. This means the ratio of debt and equity should not change due to the new project and should be what it was in the balance sheet. However, WACC cannot be used as a discount rate for projects with a risk different from the existing projects risks. In such cases, the WACC of the company similar to the new project should be taken into consideration or the cost of equity can be calculated using the CAPM model. For riskier projects, a higher discount rate may be used and for less risky projects, a lower discount rate should be used. Bibliography Young, L. (2002, September). Determining the Discount Rate forGovernemnt Projects. New Zealand Treasury: Working Paper 2/21.

Development of Distinctive Ecologies along Routeways free essay sample

Discuss the ways in which distinctive geologies can develop along reroutes (10 marks) Reroutes such as roads, railways and canals can provide habitats for many species of plant and insect life because they often act as protected areas in which ecological succession can occur. There are several ways in which this can happen. One way in which geologies can develop along reroutes is that plant seeds, e. G.Oxford ragwort or befuddle, that have become windborne can be transported along by cars or trains and are often planted in railway sidings or along grass verges next to main roads. In the case of roads, nitrogen in exhaust fumes can be beneficial to the growth of some species of wildflower, which encourages them to spread further along the protective area Of the grass verge, which is an area almost untouched by human interference due to its proximity to heavy traffic, therefore meaning that plant species have a lot of freedom to grow and spread. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Distinctive Ecologies along Routeways or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This in turn then encourages an increase in plant, bird and animal life along the route, creating a diverse ecosystem such as along the MM corridor, which has come a home to kestrels and other birds of prey due to the increase in the number of insects and small mammals who inhabit the area. In addition, some human activities along reroutes can affect the types of plant species that can be found there.For example, the spreading of salt/grit on roads in icy conditions can lead to holiness (salt-loving plants) inhabiting the area, and as many grass verges are regularly maintained by weeding/mowing, natural succession can sometimes be restricted due to the fact that plant species are not allowed to grow naturally and can sometimes be managed by he use of chemical pesticides, possibly resulting in a plagioclase. Furthermore, forestation by groups such as the highways agency (who have planted over 1. Billion trees in order to soften noise and make reroutes aesthetically pleasing) can intr oduce new species of trees to an area where they may not normally have grown. All of these factors can heavily influence ecosystems along main roads and often mean that they are distinctive and unique to ecosystems that occur naturally elsewhere. Railways are also areas where distinctive geologies can form, mostly because non-native plant species re transported along them and end up colonizing areas along tracks where they would otherwise not have been found.Due to the restriction of human access to tracks, areas alongside rail reroutes are isolated and largely free of human interference. This, as in the case of roads, encourages wildlife such as badgers and urban foxes to live there and provides nesting sites for many birds. The natural succession of plant life in Britain is oak woodland, and as such areas along railways are often wooded due to their undisturbed nature. However in recent years, large areas Of woodland have been removed byNetwork Rail in areas such as Grange Park in Enfield, causing the destruction of habitats and again creating a plagioclase due to the interrupted succession. In conclusion, the mix of natural and human factors that is present along reroutes result in very distinct and unique ecosystems that are made up of species of plant and wildlife that would not always naturally grow together. Ecosystems along reroutes can either be heavily managed or allowed to go through ecological succession naturally, and this can significantly affect the types and amounts of species that develop in an area.