An Investigation into the effect of Temperature on the release of Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay Example

An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay The aim of this investigation is to see what if any affect temperature has on the release of Betalain from beetroot tissue. To carry out this investigation I am going to need the following equipment and materials. Apparatus Electric water bath This will be needed to keep the water temperature consistent throughout the experiment at the various required temperatures. Thermometer This will be used to check that the water bath is heating accurately at the required temperatures throughout the investigation. We will write a custom essay sample on An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Colorimeter This is what will measure the affect that the heat has on the membrane by measuring how much light passes through the solution. These are the apparatus that will be used to heat and record the data but in order to use these other apparatus must be used too; Test tubes Syringe (to accurately measure the fluid amounts) Cork borer (to shape the beetroot equally) Curettes Measuring cylinder Scalpel Materials Beetroot Distilled Water Method Cut out three pieces of beetroot about 2cms long using a cork borer. Place the cylinders of beetroot on a tile or board and using the scapulae cut into discs 5mm thick. Label 3 test tubes, A B C for each of the temperatures to be tested. The temperatures required are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c Put 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water in each test tube Place the three test tubes for the required temperature in the water bath and heat to the required temp if needed Check the required temp has been reached using the thermometer to measure both the water bath and the test tubes temps Place the three pieces of beetroot in the three test tubes and leave for two minuets After the time is over remove the test tubes from the water bath and using the syringe which should be clean, extract 5cl from each solution to fill up a curette for each which should also be labelled, check no pieces of beetroot are in the curette Set the Colorimeter to 0 % transmission with water Make quantitative measurements using the colorimeter and record for each Repeat method for each of the temperatures Variables INPUT Temperatures, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80 CONTROL Beetroot size/shape, beetroot type (use same beetroot), pH amount of the water, temperature consistency, time in waterbath OUTPUT Rate of diffusion measured using colorimeter to measure concentration of dye (Betalain) in solution Explanation My input variable will be the temperature. This will be held at constant temperatures by the water bath and the temperatures changed consistently. The water temperature needs to be held consistently while the diffusing is taking place so that the rate isnt affected and it is a fair test. My control variables will be controlled in the following ways. The size/shape of the beetroot will be controlled by the cork borer and by measuring its length. This has to be done and it is important that it is done accurately because the volume to surface area needs to be the same. This is needed so the rate of diffusion is the same for each piece of beetroot before the temperature is changed. Beetroot type will be the same because I intend to use the same Beetroot unless I run out! The Beetroot will be left covered while not being used and the only pieces to be cut from it will be the ones for the temperature, which will be measured next. This will prevent any of the beetroot drying up as if the membranes dry up they will release less Betalain. It will also prevent any individual differences between the beetroots affecting the results. Distilled water will be used so as to keep the pH of the water the same. The pH needs to be consistent because it will affect the rate of diffusion, for instance a high acidic pH would denature the proteins in the membranes and completely compromise the results. The temperatures will be kept constant by the water bath as explained in the input. Output Data will be recorded by the rate of diffusion. This will be the rate at which the Betalain will have diffused from the beetroot to the solution over the given amount of time. This will be measured by the transmission of the water as read by the colorimeter. This will give an accurate reading of how great the concentration of the dye in the water will be. This can be used to work out the rate of diffusion by dividing the transmission % of the solution by the time given for the diffusion to take place. % / Time = Rate of Diffusion This is assuming the pigment release is constant Equipment Details Colorimeter, device used to compare or measure colours and their intensities. A simple colorimeter uses an optical system to place an unknown colour, such as of a chemical sample, next to a well-established colour. In more advanced devices this comparison field can be adjusted in various quantifiable ways. In some, photoelectric cells may be used to measure the transmitted light. Colorimeters are used in chemical research and in various industries, such as the manufacture of dye and paint. The Colorimeter is the best way to measure the diffusion rate with the equipment, which we have available to us. There are not many other alternatives and using eye site to measure colour would be very in accurate. The Colorimeter is very accurate providing it is set first for water having 100% transmission. It is a reliable piece of equipment, which is well suited to this investigation. Electric Water Bath, heats water to a required temperature and then maintains this temperature for as long as required. This is the best piece of equipment to use to get reliable, constant temperatures throughout the investigation. It can heat to exactly the required temperature and hold it whist the beetroot is placed in the test tubes. This would not be possible with a Bunsen Burner. The Thermometer will be used to check the reliability of the water bath. The syringe will be used to get an accurate amount of distilled water in the test tubes and then will be used to distract the solution afterwards without beetroot and placing it in a curette. The cork borer will be used to shape the beetroot consistently as explained in the method and variables. The scapulae will be used to cut the shaped beetroot into the right size and the curettes are what the colorimeter uses to read the transmission of the solution. Method Details I am going to use the following temperature ranges to collect my data; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ; 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. I have decided to use these to give me a valid and reliable set of results to analyse and draw graphs and conclusions from. I intend to start at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C because this is the normal temperature of Beetroot and will give me a good basis to work from. Not only will this give me readings for the investigation at normal temperatures but with the equipment available to me it is the lowest temperature I am willing to go to. Going lower would mean having to use ice, which I dont intend to use as it would be very hard to keep constant and may impeded the results. I that two minuets should be sufficient for the diffusion to take place as Beetroot releases a large amount of betalain under normal conditions when cut. I feel that once in heated water or even in water at room temperature within two minuets enough betalain should have diffused for relevant data to be collected. I am also worried that if the Beetroot is left to long the rate of diffusion will slow and that the time taken to reach this point will decrease as the temperature increases. This would not help as my formula for working out the rate of diffusion, (transmission / time) is dependent on the pigment release being constant. I feel that allowing only two minuets for the diffusion will avoid this happening. The data collected will be taken from the solutions after the two minuets is up. The syringe, which should be clean so as not to affect the solution, will be used to extract 5cl from the solution. This will then be put into a curette, and its transmission measured by the colorimeter. No bits of Beetroot should be in the solution as this could show up on the readings. The transmissions will be recorded in a results table. These will be recorded as percentages as that is how the colorimeter reads them. They then need to be recorded as their rate of diffusion using the formulae. Each of the three rates for each temperature need then to be added up and given as an average. This is done to avoid anomalous results. if there are any outstanding anomalies then they should be removed before the averages are worked out. After the averages have been recorded graphs can be drawn up and then analysed for correlation or anomalous results. Scientific theories can then be used to explain the results and then conclude the investigation. Changes in Method There were some problems whilst collecting the results which may have an affect on the findings from them. Firstly was with the temperatures of the water baths which we heated the beetroot in; these were less reliable than I had hopped as far as keeping the water at a consistent temperature. They could not hold the water at exactly 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ or 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C etc so temperatures were recorded from around the right temperature, and that temperature recorded with them. I would also have liked the water baths to be as consistent as possible but Im not sure they were as once they reached the required temperature they turned off. This may mean that the temperatures varied slightly over the five minuet period the beetroot was left to diffuse, however I still feel that the temperatures recorded are varied enough and close enough to the original aims to still be used to analyse and solve the problem. The Colorimeters readings may also have an affect on the results. This is because they did not always read consistently. This could be because of smudges on either on the curettes or on the lens or perhaps due to the particles moving around in the solution. I feel, however that the data collected has been accurate enough and varied enough to analyse and solve the problem fairly. I also found that two minuets did not prove a sufficient amount of time for the diffusion to take place, and so I extended the time to 10 minuets. This is because I found that I had underestimated the rate of diffusion from the beetroot and that after just 2 minuets not very much dye had diffused at all and comparisons would be small. By leaving the Beetroot longer it allowed more Betalain to diffuse and a wider range of results to work with. Analysis of original Results The original set of results look quite promising. I have used the colorimeter to obtain data for; absorption, transmission and the rate of reaction. The absorption and transmission are readings given by the colorimeter and can be used to work out each other. The formula to use to work out the transmission from the absorption is to take the absorption from 100 to get a percentage for the transmission of the colorimeter reading. And this is the formula I have used in my results table (100-a) which was created using Microsoft Excel. The next figure in the table is the Rate of Diffusion per Minuet, which is the figure I intend to use to analyse my findings with. This is worked out by dividing the absorption by 5, (a/5) the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for (this is presuming the diffusion rate was consistent). This then relates directly back to the problem which asked how temperature affected the rate of diffusion of betalain from beetroot to water over a given amount of time. I have recorded all three of these in the table for each of the temperatures implemented and for all five repetitions I have then added them and divided by five to give an average. I have also included the size of the beetroot in mm (length multiplied by diameter), the weight of the beetroot in grams, the volume of water from the test tube and the time in minuets. These are all control variables but I have included them in the table so all relevant stats are visible and they can be shown as consistent. There are however some anomalous looking results, I have highlighted these results red but have not removed them yet. I will draw up a graph first and analyse the results further before deciding if these results are having to much of an effect on the averages to be included in the findings. Analysis The graph has used the rate of diffusion per minuet results from the results table. The calculation for this is the absorption rate divided by five; the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for. This gives you the amount a figure for the amount of diffusion taking place every minuet presuming the diffusion is consistent. The graph shows a clear positive correlation for greater heat, greater release of Betalain. This would be because the hotter the Betalain gets the more energy its molecules will get and the more motion they will make and the more will diffuse through the membrane of the beetroot and into the water. However there is a large range in the error bars on most of the results and some overlap. I feel this could be because of the results I highlighted in the table I am therefore going to redo the table without these anomalies and see if I can improve the quality of the graph and findings. Edited Results Temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Figure Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Repeat 4 Repeat 5 Average 25 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.2 2.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.12 35 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 4.4 4 4.6 4.4 4.32 45 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.6 5.2 5 6.4 6 5.44 55 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10.8 13 11.2 10 12.4 11.48 65 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 14 14.2 14.6 15.4 15 14.64 I have removed the anomalies and used the average of the other four readings for that temperature to fit the Excel formula. This has given me more consistent results and should help to get a better correlation on the graph for my final readings. I have also removed the Absorption and Transmission readings from the table to make it more condensed and easier to read and evaluate. I decided that in this table only the essential figures should be kept in, the ones that I will be using to create my final graph with. Therefore I have gotten rid of the size, weight, water volume and time as these are all consistent and do not need to be present on the graph. Analysis Removing the main anomalies from the results has made the graph look more accurate and more relevant. There are smaller error bars and the results are in a better correlation. The only Results not closely corallined are those for 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but because these results were so varied that picking out anomalies would not work here. The line on the graph is more of a steeper gradient and would form an S shape if I were to draw a line of best fit on it. Conclusion and Background Information I can now conclude that the relationship between heat and diffusion on a beetroots membrane is that the greater the heat, the greater the rate of diffusion. This is as I expected and of no great surprise. The main reason for this would be because the greater the heat, the greater the energy the Betalain molecules would have and the more motion they would have. This would lead to more diffusing in a shorter amount of time. The cell membranes main function is to serve as a boundary between the cell and its environment. It is just like other organelles in the cell in that it serves the cell by having its own specialised jobs. In terms of beetroot the Betalain is contained within the cell membrane, if this membrane is broken or disrupted the pigment will be released. Temperature may be the cause of the disruption. High temperatures could distort the active site of the carrier, channel of gated proteins, therefore affecting the shape of the fluid mosaic model membrane which may release the betalian or other molecules held inside the beetroot. Temperature can also affect the rate at which the diffusion takes place by giving the particles more energy. I feel that this is more likely to be what caused the higher rate of diffusion rather than the disruption which was caused by cutting the beetroot up. This has been shown on the graph and in the results and I can now conclude that the higher the temperature of the water and Beetroot the higher the rate of diffusion will be over the semi permeable membrane. Evaluation The Problem has been solved and even though there were anomalies and some of the equipment was perhaps not as accurate as would have been preferred the experiment has been a success and there can be no doubt of the effect on heat on the rate of diffusion of Betalain between the membrane of a beetroot and water. There were limitations with the amount of equipment we could use and on methods we used as we only had the schools supply of equipment and only two lessons in which to collect data. The first of which and perhaps the most important of which was the water bathes. Water Bathes These were supposed to keep a level and consistent temperature throughout the duration of the experiment. This however they did not do, they did not reach the required temperatures very well and there gages often read differently to the thermometers used to back them up. Also once the required temperature or at least what the water bathes considered as the required temperature was reached, the water bathes shut themselves off. There would then be no heat or buffer to keep the temperature constant. Whilst this is a much more effective and accurate way of reaching the temperatures and conducting the experiment than using Bunsen burners or any of the other equipment the school could have provided, it was a bit disappointing that it couldnt hold its temperature. The poor precision of the water bathes could have had an effect on the data recorded. The experiments were supposed to be conducted at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but the real temperatures were from around these temperatures. This could have led to variation in the in the in the data collected as some of the error bars were quite large, for instance the changing temperatures could mean that once you returned to repeat the experiment the water bath would be at a different temperature to when you first recorded the results. Another factor affecting the difference in results could the position in the water bathe, if two different thermometers (the water bathes thermostat and the separate thermometer) are reading different temperatures then maybe the temperature isnt consistent throughout the water bathe at the same time. If one test tube was placed directly above the heater and another away from it they would have different temperatures leading to a deviance in the results. This lack of reliability may have had an effect on the conclusions as well as the results. On the first graph the error bars were clearly to large and needed editing to remove the anomalies and redo a more consistent line. The figures used for the graphs were suppose to be for the rate of reaction and to work this out the diffusion should have been constant, but if the temperatures werent constant then its probable that the diffusion wasnt either. This could not be helped though and differences although there were some anomalies were fairly consistent and showed enough reliability to be analysed, concluded and explained using Biological Knowledge.

Essay about The Scarlet Ibis

Essay about The Scarlet Ibis Essay about The Scarlet Ibis â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† The narrator is responsible for Doodle’s death because he was cruel towards Doodle, he was embarrassed of his brother and he didn’t care for his brother’s well-being. The narrator’s bad intentions for Doodle began at an early age, without even giving Doodle a chance, the narrator decided that he doesn’t like him because of his disability. He starts using Doodle’s disability against him to put him in uncomfortable situations. â€Å"One day I took him up to the barn†¦ and showed him his casket†¦ ‘And before I’ll help you down from the loft, you’re going to touch it.’†¦ ‘Don’t leave me, Brother,’ he cried, and†¦ he touched the casket and screamed† (346). The narrator wanted to force Doodle to touch the coffin that was meant for Doodle to be put in. He wanted to make it clear to Doodle that he wasn’t supposed to survive, that he should be dead. This is cruel because the narrator forced Doodle to recognize the meaning of death. He tried to fix Doodle, so matter how much harm he did. â€Å"I was embarrassed of having a brother at that age who couldn’t walk, so I set out to teach him†¦ I heaved him up†¦ he collapsed†¦ and I heaved him up once more† (346-347). The narrator was ashamed of having a brother that couldn’t walk, so he started pushing Doodle to learn, even though he was in no condition to do it. The narrator ignored Doodle’s condition and continued to push him to the extreme. The narrator showed no mercy and purposefully pushed his brother to his limit. He only pushed Doodle so far so that when they started school, he wouldn’t have to of been humiliated by his brother. Because of the narrator’s lack of care toward Doodle, the narrator is guilty for his death. â€Å"He was a burden in many ways†¦ A long list of don’t went with him, all of which I

Business Excellence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Excellence - Research Paper Example The business environment has grown quite competitive in the past few decades. In response to the increased competition, several management models have been advanced to aid in navigating the competitive business world. The advancement in technology and development of the education system across the world has contributed significantly to the increase in technology. Apparently, the development of different education systems across the world has diversified knowledge acquisition in the business field. Essentially, the diversification of the business knowledge has led to the establishment of effective management models such as the EFQM  excellence model. The EFQM  excellence model has gained widespread use in the UAE. Basically, the EFQM excellence model can be described as an organized framework adopted by organizations to achieve prosperity objectives. The model has been credited for aiding organization in the struggle towards excellence. In essence, the model keeps the organization on point in matters of goal achievement. Terterov & Ghurfat (2006) states that there are various  awards that have been  instituted  to motivate organizations within the UAE to continue with the struggle to excellent performance. The Dubai Quality Award is among the most effective motivation programs in the UAE that record a huge participation of various organizations and the government sector. The focus of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the Dubai Quality Award to the performance of Aptec Holdings Limited. Aptec Holdings Limited is among the largest distributors in Dubai and also one of the fastest growing companies in the past few years. A critical evaluation of the company’s performance reveals the Dubai Quality Award has played a significant role in its success. It can be observed that the Dubai Quality Award forces firms to produce products or services that are of high quality (Fisher, 2010). The journey to excellence or the Aptec Holdings Limited has had

Setting up a business in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Setting up a business in China - Essay Example This research will begin with the Chinese business culture. Chinese people perform a different form of business and culture as compared to the rest of the world especially the West. However, with the uniqueness of the Chinese history and background, China always has a special culture of business and etiquette. A simple business culture can mess a working relationship that was doing well. Conflict of culture between Chinese and another culture may cut short a working business relationship. Chinese businesses are usually based on being referred by another business associate; could be in the same business or in another business field. However, a strong recommendation from such an associate is required to win favour of clients and get good deals.Chinese business starts on a social plate and continues along the same line unless something happens that may break relationship between parties involved leading to business termination. Unlike Western culture where business is profession based, Chinese business is more of a social affair than a professional one. This is essential to help attract more clients and win hearts of many people in business. It helps maintain one’s clients in business socially rather than professionally and this increases business returns. The more one goes social in business in China, the higher the returns. Getting personal in business and sharing one’s personal life acts as an incentive to business partners. Business partners usually take this as getting close to them and this may be their interest even before they do their business with the party involved. It is therefore imperative to get personal and avoid too much of being professional as this will guarantee high returns within a short period of business. Spending time in sharing personal life in business attracts business associates from China. Personal life may include political views, hobbies, and family life among others. Protocol and priority are vital in business in Chin a. Protocol and priority comes in when dealing with people of different ranks. Recognition is of essence to show these individuals that one recognizes their rank. Address people with their correct designation, for example, Director, Doctor, Professor, and Chairman. This will make the parties see that their rank in whatever field they are in is highly recognized even in business. Giving business cards during business meetings indicates that one is serious in doing business. A business card should face the recipient. Such a card should have one side translated to make it easy for the Chinese party to understand what one is selling to them or buying from them. It is important to mention one’s company and the rank one holds before business gets underway. Business in China pays much attention to respect. Parties are supposed to display respect to each other according to rank. It may not be easy to excel in business in China without understanding that respect is tantamount to busin ess success. It is necessary to establish contact with a client one is dealing with so as to get as much referrals as possible from that client as business progresses. One should act as an interpreter to himself to make it easy to identify with Chinese as they like business where they understand what they are dealing in. It is vital to explain legal aspects of the business one is handling to be sure of the legal implications when doing any kind of

Israel's Right to Nuclear Weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israel's Right to Nuclear Weapons - Essay Example The persecution reached a peak in Adolf Hitler's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews from 1939 to 1945† . In Holocaust the persecution and genocide was accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe and Russia, ghettos were established to contain and marginalize Jewish communities. Specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered large numbers of Jews and political opponents in mass shootings and mobile gassing units. In countries occupied by the Nazis, Jews were interned before being deported to death camps, often crammed into freight cars and transported hundreds of miles by rail, then killed in gas chambers. These historical events had its impact on the building of â€Å"collective insecurity psyche† of Jews. And that was the time when Jews decided that â€Å"(they sh ould) act in such a way that the Jews who died in the gas chambers would be the last Jews to die without defending themselves.† To add to the above building sense of insecurity when Israel was declared as independent state May 14, 1948 in the heart land of Arab dominated region, none of the Arab Countries liked the situation. Resultantly Egypt, Jordan, Syra, Lebanon, Iraq and Saudi Arabia invaded but failed to achieve success. In 1949 separate armistice was made with each state in which Jordan occupied the West Bank and Egypt occupied Gaza. Therefore, Israel was made to realize stark reality of existential intolerance of its neighbours. In 1956 during the Suez crisis Israel made tremendous success against Egypt and its allies, Britain and France not only failed in the operation but

Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives

Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives Redundancy Allocation using multiple weighted objectives heuristic Abstract A new method for optimization of system reliability was put forward and tested. In this method, the main aim is to maximize the individual system reliability. The product of individual system reliability multiples to the reliability of the entire system. Hence the multiple weighted objective heuristic involves breaking down of the problem into multiple objectives and in turn into different single objective problem. Then this sequence is done by solving the linear programing formulation. The results obtained are efficient solutions which depends on the readily available tools. Thus, on the whole this new method is more efficient when compared to the already available practices for both efficiency and performance. INTRODUCTION of Articles The main aim of this journal is to design an optimal solution to maximize the system reliability. It involves solving a challenging nonlinear programming that is widely studied and applied. A new multiple weighted objective method was introduced by converting the problem into different individual objective to maximize each subsystem reliability for a series and parallel system. The problem is further converted to a sequential standard linear programming algorithms in a updated process. It is easily adapted process as it easily accepts problems with a mix of components with a high-performance level. Various mathematical programming and other optimization methods where solved using redundancy allocation. The redundancy allocation was solved by constraining the problem to only one type of component of the subsystem using dynamic programming. Surrogate approach is a efficient way to accommodate multiple constraints with dynamic programming. Mathematical programming approaches restricts by allowing one component choice for each subsystem. In the example shown in the figure below shows a series parallel system. For each subsystem, there are multiple, functional equivalent components available for used. The design involves single component selection for each subsystem or multiple components selected in parallel. The decision variables for redundancy allocation are choice of components and level of redundancy. The MWO involves converting single objective into multiple sub objectives. The next step is to combine multiple objectives into single objective into single objectives using objective weights. Different optimization was implemented with integer programming and using max-min concept to obtain an optimal pareto solution. Nomenclature Xij number of components of type j used in subsystem i R(x)- System reliability Ri(xi)- reliability of subsystem i Wi objective weight assigned to the ith subsystem Rimin- minimum subsystem reliability for subsystem i Explanation of the work presented in journal articles The objective of the problem is to maximize the system reliability R(x), given the constraints of the system which is mainly a series-parallel system. There are mi functionally equivalent components available with different reliability, cost and weight for each subsystem. There are two general solution strategies for multiple objective problem. The first strategy is to obtain a composite function by combining the multiple objective functions. The second strategy is by obtaining a pareto-optimal set which is not a very effective method for the series-parallel configuration system, as there would be only possible optimal solution for one subsystem with very high reliability and other with very low reliability. The solution may have a feasible optimal outcome technically but practically it is a very poor solution for the series-parallel configuration. The formulation consists of several distinctive features that is presented. First is by transformation method to obtain an equivalent linear formulation for the redundancy allocation problem by using standard integer formulation tools and features. The second is that this formulation allows mixing the part components as a linearized formulation and hence not limiting the solution space. A sequence of Algebraic operations is used to convert multiple objective problem into equivalent subsystem problem. Numerical weights are combined to result in multiple objectives. All objectives are equally important and are assigned with equal weights as failure is caused due to failure of any independent system. A initial system design solution is derived by obtaining the solution for the problem. There are several possible possibilities to create a new problem. There are two alternatives, one is to increase iteratively and systematically the objective weights. And the other is to iteratively add constraints and reduce the minimum subsystem reliability. The original problem formulation, and the surrogate multiple objective formulation, are presented below as Problems P1 P2. Problem 1: Problem 2 : Problem P3 is a nonlinear integer programming that is difficult to solve. An equivalent linear programming is formulated through a series of objective transformation. An equivalent objective function has the same optimal solution. Discussion of Contributions The MWO heuristic depends on an other or surrogate detailing. For the surrogate issue, the goal is to maximize the reliability of every subsystem exclusively to form a multiple objective optimization. It is coherent that, if the dependability of every subsystem is increased, then the entire system reliability will likewise be high. By taking different problem and different general solution to combine various individual solution into a combined single objective solution for the system. The author considers different distinct characteristics and cases for formulating a linear programming for redundancy allocation. He undertakes two different strategies, first being transforming the standard integer programming tools and software. The second he combines parts for linear formulation and not restricting the solution space. He formulated an equivalent linear program that is obtained series of objective transformation for a non-linear integer programming which is usually difficult to solve. An similar constant value is subtracted by which the optimal solution is not changed. Maximization problem is converted to minimization problem. The solution that maximizes the system reliability also maximizes the subsystem reliability. Discussion of Dificiency and Potential Improvements The parameter that limits the process in this method is the solution time. Small problems that are less than five subsystems can be solved by integer programming formulation for many combinational problem, but for large problems that are greater than ten subsystems it is theoretically impossible to solve. In this process, most instances were solved in under 15 seconds. If by taking in account the size of the problem obtained from the CPU is very promising. Summary The multiple heuristic depends on the original problem into a multiple objective problem. The solution for this optimization problem can be determined by this method in an effective way. Many examples were tested using this method and the results that were obtained was good. It can give a fast check of feasibility for nonlinear problem formulations and for more difficult problem. It has simplicity and ease of implementation; the heuristic was proved to be a good process to solve the redundancy allocation problem. The concern about the applicability of the MWO2 heuristic was solution time. References David W. Coit and Abdullah Konak Multiple Weighted Objectives Heuristic for the Redundancy Allocation Problem ieee transactions on reliability, vol. 55, no. 3, september 2006. W. Kuo, V. Prasad, F. Tillman, and C. L. Hwang, Optimal Reliability Design: Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. D. W. Coit and A. E. Smith, Reliability optimization for series-parallel systems using a genetic algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 254-260, June 1996. Probability of Failure Probability of Failure Mode Possible Failure Rate Probability Ranking Very High : Failure is almost inevitable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2 .50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1.00 10 Very High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 3 .33 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 9 High : repeated Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 8 .125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 8 High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 20 .05 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 7 Moderate : Occasional Failures à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 80 .0125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 6 Moderate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 400 .0025 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 5 Moderate : Infrequent Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2000 .0005 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p .0025 4 Low : Relatively Few Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 15,000 .0000667 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 3 Low à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 150,000 6.7 x 10^-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 2 Remote : failure is Unlikely à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 1,500,000 6.7 x 10^-7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 1 Likelihood of Detection Detection Criteria Ranking Almost Impossible No known way detect failure mode 10 Very Remote Very unlikely to detect failure mode 9 Remote Unlikely to detect failure mode 8 Very low Very low chance to detect failure mode 7 Low Low Chance to detect failure mode 6 Moderate Moderate chance to detect failure mode 5 Moderately High Moderately high chance to detect failure mode 4 High Likely to detect failure mode 3 Very High Very likely to detect failure mode 2 Almost Certain Will almost certainly detect failure mode 1 Severity Rating Severity Criteria Ranking Hazardous-without Warning May endanger operator; noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur without warning 10 Hazardous-with Warning May endanger operator, noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur with warning. 9 Very High Process or product inoperable with loss of primary function; major disruption to the production line; product may have to be scrapped; customer very dissatisfied 8 High Process or product operable but at reduced level of performance; minor disruption to production line; the product may have to be sorted and a proportion ( less that 100%) scrapped; customer dissatisfied 7 Moderate Process or product operable but comfort or convenience items inoperable; minor disruption to production line; a portion (less than   100%) of the product may have to be scrapped (no sorting); customer experience discomfort 6 Low Process or product operable but comfort or convenience at reduced level of performance ; minor disruption to production line; a 100% of the product may have to be reworked; customer experience some dissatisfaction 5 Very Low Minor disruption to production line; product may have to be sorted and a portion ( less that 100% ) reworked; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance ) noticed by most customer 4 Minor Minor disruption to production line;   a portion of the product may have to be   ( less than 100%) reworked on-line but out of station cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by average customer 3 Very Minor Minor disruption to production line; a portion of the product may have to be (less that 100%) reworked on-line but in-station; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by discrimination customers 2 None No Effect 1 Failure Analysis The motive of RCM is not to prevent the failure but to preserve the functions. Initially the focus was mainly on preventing failure of every maintenance schedule. But the products became more complex and maintenance cost increase in absolute terms as well as percentage of the products total life cycle cost. Soon it was clear the preventing the failure was technically and economically impractical. Instead, they came up with the solution of preserving the function of the system which lead to the development of RCM technique. Failure Identifying the functions and their function failure is an important step in RCM. Study about the failure mode identification will also have a greater impact on the system reliability. Some of the Type of Failures are Function Failure When the system fails to perform to do its intended function then its referred as Functional Failure. The mission and motive of the system will be directly be affected when the function fails. To understand about the functional failure a deep study has to been carried out on the required function. Evident failure When the failure is evident or is been made to evident to the operator, the failure is said to be an evident failure. Later, Display, dial or gauges, audible or alarms or other forms of instrument alert the operator to the failure. Hidden Failure A hidden failure is a functional failure of an item that has occurred, which has not made any impact to the system, and also not evident to the operator, but which can cause a function failure to the end system. Because of the redundancy nature of the system, the system will not fail for the single point of failure. The system will lose its function on a multiple failures.

Film Analysis of A Midsummer Nights Dream :: Movies A Midsummer Nights Dream Essays

Film Analysis of A Midsummer Night's Dream Michael Hoffman directed William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and it is an enchanting new version of Shakespeare's most magical comedy. It has dangerous potions, fairies and strange romances. It is a tale of a wondrous single night in which wicked spirits turn the world of love on its head. First I have to make it clear that I have never really thought much of A Midsummer Night's Dream. I have always considered it fairly frivolous and not too important in William Shakespeare's career. I really do not know why, it just is what it is. I must say, that Michael Hoffman's William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is a very good film, BUT, it is not for everyone because it is purely Shakespeare updated to 19th Century, Tuscany, Italy where the characters ride around on a new invention, the bicycle. All the magical fairies, tangled romances, Oberon and Puck are all here to bedevil the ill-fated humans, as Puck says, "What fools these mortals be". The movie opens with an interesting effect to show the name of the film, it's quite magical. The opening is interesting but then it bogs down for about 15 minutes and since I was tired I found it a bit of a struggle staying awake, but I did and I was rewarded. I quickly woke up as the scene moved into the woods late at night as the fairy world came to life with interesting, magical creatures. Stanley Tucci plays the mischievous Puck quite well as does Calista Flockheart as Helena, one of the tortured lovers; she nails Helena's love craziness. Christian Bale as Demet rius, Sophie Marceau as Hippolyta and Domenic West as Lysander play the other lovers. Rupert Everett's Oberon has a brooding to him that I have never seen which makes that role work for me in ways it has never before. I personally feel that Michelle Pfeiffer as Titania, the fairy Queen was absolutely beautiful. Kevin Kline as Nick Bottom and Ms.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 36-37

36 JENNY, ROBERT, RIVERA, AMANDA, TRAVIS, HOWARD, AND THE SPIDER Rivera drove Robert and Jennifer to their house. They sat in the back, holding each other the whole way, not saying a word until they thanked him when he dropped them off. On the drive back to the station Rivera tried to formulate a story that would save his career. Any version of the true story seemed like a sure ticket to a psychological disability retirement. In the end he decided to tell the story as far as the point where The Breeze disappeared. A month later Rivera was pumping Slush-Puppies at the Seven-Eleven, working undercover for the robbery division. However, with the arrest of a team of robbers that had terrorized convenience stores in the county for six months, he was promoted to lieutenant. Amanda and Travis rode with Howard. At Amanda's request, Gian Hen Gian saw that Effrom's body was turned to stone and placed inside the cave. When Howard stopped in front of Amanda's house, she invited Travis to come inside. He refused at first, wanting to leave her alone with her grief. â€Å"Have you completely missed the significance of all this, Travis?† she asked. â€Å"I guess so,† he said. â€Å"Did it occur to you that the presence of Catch and Gian Hen Gian proves that Effrom is not gone completely? I will miss him, but he goes on. And I don't want to be alone right now. I helped you when you needed it,† she said, and she waited. Travis went in. Howard went home to work on a new menu for his restaurant. Chief Technical Sergeant Nailsworth never found out what happened to Roxanne or who she really was, and he was heartbroken. Because of his grief he was unable to eat, lost a hundred and fifty pounds, met a girl at a computer user's meeting, and married her. He never had computer sex again outside the privacy of his home. 37 GOOD GUYS Augustus Brine declined offers for a ride home. He wanted to walk. He needed to think. Gian Hen Gian walked at his side. â€Å"I can repair your truck, make it fly if you wish,† the Djinn said. â€Å"I don't want it,† Brine said. â€Å"I'm not even sure I want to go home.† â€Å"You may do as you wish, Augustus Brine.† â€Å"I don't want to go back to the store either. I think I'll give the business to Robert and Jenny.† â€Å"Is it wise to put the drunkard in the wine barrel?† â€Å"He won't drink anymore. I want them to have the house, too. I'll start the paperwork in the morning.† â€Å"It is done.† â€Å"Just like that?† â€Å"You doubt the word of the King of the Djinn?† They walked in silence for a while before Brine spoke again. â€Å"It seems wrong that Travis has lived so long without having a life, without love.† â€Å"Like yourself, you mean?† â€Å"No, not like myself. I've had a good life.† â€Å"Would you have me make him young again?† Brine thought for a moment before he answered. â€Å"Could you make him age in reverse? For each year that passes he is a year younger?† â€Å"It can be done.† â€Å"And her, too?† â€Å"Her?† â€Å"Amanda. Could you make them grow young together?† â€Å"It can be done, if you command it.† â€Å"I do.† â€Å"It is done. Will you tell them?† â€Å"No, not right away. It will be a nice surprise.† â€Å"And what of yourself, Augustus Brine? What is it you wish?† â€Å"I don't know. I always thought I'd make a good madam.† Before the Djinn could say anything else, Rachel's van sputtered up beside them and stopped. She rolled down the window and said, â€Å"Do you need a ride, Gus?† â€Å"He is trying to think,† the Djinn snapped. â€Å"Don't be rude,† Brine said to the Djinn. â€Å"Which way are you going?† â€Å"I don't know for sure. I don't feel like going home – maybe ever.† Brine walked around the front of the van and slid open the cargo door. â€Å"Get in, Gian Hen Gian.† The Djinn got into the van. Brine slammed the cargo door and climbed into the passenger seat next to Rachel. â€Å"Well?† she said. â€Å"East,† Brine said. â€Å"Nevada.† It was called King's Lake. When it appeared in the desert, it simultaneously appeared on every map of Nevada that had ever been printed. People who had passed through that part of the state swore that they had never seen it before, yet there it was on the map. Above the tree-lined banks of King's Lake stood a palace with a hundred rooms. Atop the palace a massive electric sign read, BRINE'S BAIT, TACKLE, AND FINE WOMEN. Anyone who visited the palace was greeted by a beautiful, dark-haired woman, who took their money and led them to a room. On their way out a tiny brown man in a rumpled suit returned their money and wished them well. Upon returning home the visitors told of a white-haired man who sat all day in the lotus position at the end of a pier in front of the palace, fishing and smoking a pipe. They said that when evening approached, the dark-haired woman would join the man and together they would watch the sun go down. The visitors were never quite clear as to what had happened to them while they were at the palace. It didn't seem to matter. But after a visit they found that they appreciated the simple pleasures that life presented to them and they were happy. And although they recommended Brine's to their friends, they never returned themselves. What went on in the rooms is another story altogether.

Eating Disorders essay

Eating Disorders essay Eating Disorders essay Eating Disorders essay  Ã‚  Ã‚     Anorexia Intervention ProgramAnorexia is often connected with low self-esteem and wrong perception of person’s own body.Intervention steps:Giving the person information about the illness and making understand that there is a problem. For this purpose pictures and weight charts may be used in order to help the person to feel that her weight is much lower than the norm.Giving support. Overcoming anorexia is a hard work and it is necessary to find people who would support the person during the period of rehabilitation.Work with self-esteem. As mentioned above anorexia is often connected with low self-esteem and that is why different techniques for the correction of self-esteem should be applied.Discussing food and diet. Support in composing healthy and nutritious menu can be very helpful for the person with eating disorders. It may help to avoid many problems in the future.Planning physical exercises and leisure. Physical activity can be a g ood help for keeping fit and getting in terms with your own body. Training plan can be developed together with the specialist who is aware of the problem.     Bulimia   Intervention ProgramBulimia eating disorder is also connected with low self-esteem. In addition, the questions of self-control are also up to date when we speak about this disorder. The intervention plan will repeat the one suggested for Anorexia but with some changes.Intervention PlanAdmitting the problem. Giving the person facts which prove his/her disorder. Speaking about possible consequences.Giving support. Very often bulimia is connected with the feeling of gilt and fear of rejection. The promise of support from friends and relatives would contribute greatly to the solution of the problem.Dieting plan. Excessive eating should be replaced by a well-planed diet and this can be done with specialists’ help.Physical activity and active leisure. Professional help with composing a training plan can help t o control weight and prevent from consuming extra food.Finding a group of support. Friendly help and people’s support who have the same kind of disorder may be very useful in this situation.   If it is possible, it is necessary to help the person with the disorder to find such a group.

How to Analyze a File Line By Line With Python

How to Analyze a File Line By Line With Python One of the primary reasons people use Python is for analyzing and manipulating text. If your program needs to work through a file, it is usually best to read in the file one line at a time for reasons of memory space and processing speed. This is best done with a while loop. Code Sample for Analyzing Text Line by Line fileIN open(sys.argv[1], r) line fileIN.readline() while line: [some bit of analysis here] line fileIN.readline() This code takes the first command line argument as the name of the file to be processed. The first line opens it and initiates a file object, fileIN. The second line then reads the first line of that file object and assigns it to a string variable, line. The while loop executes based on the constancy of line. When line changes, the loop restarts. This continues until there are no more lines of the file to be read. The program then exits. Reading the file in this way, the program does not bite off more data than it is set to process. It  processes the data it does input faster, giving its output incrementally. In this way, the memory footprint of the program is kept low, and the processing speed of the computer does not take a hit. This can be important if you are  writing a CGI script that may see a few hundred instances of itself running at a time.   More About While in Python The while loop statement repeatedly executes a target statement as long as the condition is true. The syntax of the while loop in Python is:   while expression: statement(s) The statement may be a single statement or a block of statements. All the statements indented by the same amount are considered to be part of the same code block. Indentation is how Python indicates groups of statements.

Business in Luxembourg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business in Luxembourg - Essay Example But over the last few decades the steel industry’s importance has come down while financial and banking services have taken the front seat. The financial services sector constituted more than 80% of the country’s GDP. In 2006, Luxembourg had 156 banks. Some of the key points which have helped the economy to perform well are educated labour force adept in different languages, state of the art communications system, easy admittance to surrounding European economies, and a stable government. The government has also taken the initiative to showcase the country as a communications and audio visual hub. The government has promoted satellite technology in this context. The country with its stable political background has attracted considerable amount of FDI or foreign direct investments in small, medium and large industrial projects. Though the agricultural sector constitutes of 1% of the economy the country is famous for high quality white wines (Country profile: Luxembourg, January 2009; Luxembourg: Economy, September 2008). The country holds a strategic location in Europe being surrounded by or rather landlocked by three big European economies of Germany, France and Belgium. Being one of the most prosperous countries in the world, it has an open culture and is hospitable to people and business from different areas. Moreover, the highly educated workforce is an asset to the countries economy and has attracted many foreign multinationals to set up their IT and financial clusters there. The country offers numerous tax rebates which has acted as an impetus for its growth, especially in the arena of financial services and banking. It has very high level of telecommunication, satellite and basic infrastructure. It believes in liberal policies and has been a proponent of the same at the European Union level also. This has assisted it in becoming one of the best performing economies not only in Europe but all over the world. It has been able to leverage

Atheism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atheism - Essay Example The paper mainly intends to focus on the nature of the universe and the relation between the supernatural and the scientific world. Despite of belonging to different religions, the four authors mentioned in the article, that the existence of God is merely a subject of just talking. It shows that they believe God does not exist in this world of science. On further note with respect to the article, it was revealed that, some think God is a creature like human beings while the other thinks God to be fictional. On contrary, few believe that, the existence of God would have been abolished, if did not have invented verbal language. Furthermore, the article reflects about history, which tends to reveal about theists and the atheists endures executed atrocities. Correspondingly, this article has provided valuable information with regard to the existence of God. In accordance with the article, existence of God is viewed as a system of symbol and purpose among others. Furthermore, this particu lar article has revealed, that view of the authors remain the same despite of their belonging to differentiated religion. THESIS STATEMENT Thesis Statement has intended to show the motive or the objectives of the article. The article has reviewed about the varying views of people regarding the organized religion and the existence of God. ... In the article the two of the authors i.e., Anthony Lowenstein and Jane Caro are atheists and are providing their views with regard to the existence of God. This particular assignment intends to study the utilities of Atheism in certain areas and how it can be used to relate with this assignment. A detailed study about the utilities of atheism has been revealed in this paper. There always exist some atheists in every religion as seen in the given article. They oppose the views of the theists in the community. These subjects have been tried to elaborated and described in the discussion related to this assignment. Various aspects about the belief in God and the religion have been the major objective of this assignment. DISCUSSION The prime important topic of the article is the debate on the organized religion and the existence of God. It has given various ideologies regarding the topic. In the given article it has been observed that some people believe, in the existence of God, while s ome people believe that God is an entity like human beings and some said that God is a fiction in any form. The participants of the debate gave a similar ideology of non- existence of God despite of belonging to different religion. The targeted audiences in the debate were the people who had visited the debate program. With reference to the given article, two of the authors believe that God does not exist as they consider themselves as atheists. While the others; Simon Smart, who is a Christian and Rachel Woodlock a Muslim, believes that there is existence of God. In this stand, they were termed as theists. Atheism is the lack of belief in God. In the article the two atheist authors have tried to compare God with many things as man like entity, a fiction or certain